EUR.1: certificate of origin for preferential treatment under EU/EFTA bilateral free trade agreements. Reduces or zeros import duties between signatory countries. Issued by Chamber of Commerce in 1-3 days.
Form A (GSP — Generalized System of Preferences): unilateral preferential treatment from developed countries (EU, US, Canada) for developing countries' exports. Issued by exporter's customs authority.
EUR-MED: extension of EUR.1 covering Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria) + EU/EFTA.
Corporate merch use cases:
- EU export from Türkiye, Serbia, Cyprus → A.TR Customs Union (Türkiye) or EUR.1 (Serbia/Cyprus)
- EU export from Georgia → DCFTA EUR.1
- EU export from UAE → Mostly no preferential treatment (UAE not on FTA list)
- US export from any country → Form A (if developing) or no preferential treatment
Cost: EUR.1 certificate ~$15-50 per shipment. Form A ~$30-80.
Duty savings: Significant. EU import duty on apparel (HS 6109): 12% standard rate. With EUR.1: 0%. Savings on $50K shipment: $6K. Worth the certificate cost 100x over.